Change in family relationships is precipitated by which factors according to Smith and Hamon?

• A. Internal or external factors
• B. Internal factors only
• C. External factors only
• D. Neither internal nor external factors

Answer: (A)

Change in family relationships is driven by a mix of influences, not just what happens inside the family. Smith and Hamon show that internal factors—like how family members relate, communicate, and take on roles—can shift bonds and day-to-day interactions. They also point out external factors—economic pressures, cultural norms, life events such as relocation or illness, and policy or community changes—that occur outside the family but still ripple through its dynamics. Often these forces interact, with external stressors straining internal communication and prompting changes in roles and closeness. Because both internal and external factors can trigger changes, recognizing that both domains contribute provides the most complete explanation of how family relationships evolve.